Noise is a privacy control, designed to prevent accidental or deliberate identification of individuals through the results of insight queries.

Noise defends against a category of attacks built around changing the input data incrementally, and observing change in the results.

Without noise, a malicious user could gradually add rows to a dataset until they see a statistic move over the rounding threshold - which would reveal the original value of the statistic.

To apply noise, InfoSum Platform modifies every statistic by a small but unpredictable amount. Repeating exactly the same input will result in the same noise (and therefore the same result). But any change to the input will result in a different amount of noise, and will therefore vary the result in an unpredictable way.

By default, ±1-2% noise is injected into insight queries so the final number can diverge between ±1-2% from the actual value. For activation queries, < 0.1% noise can be expected. Activation results are de-duplicated. Clients can add additional activation result noise up to 100%.